The medieval worldview was never asuniform as it might appear from the modern perspective, and the struggle over fundamental issues was never fiercer than in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Heinrich Fichtenau weaves together a new history of the cultural and intellectual awakening of Europe. He draws on a vast literature of European and American scholars of the past century, but his guiding principle is always his own unique reading of primary sources. The result is a startlingly fresh synthesis by one of the greatest and most original medievalists of our time.